Axis ③

Tools & Agents

99 records · 22 notes · records tagged with this as a related axis are included.

From AI that answers to AI that does the work itself

Once a model starts searching, running code and editing files, it becomes a different kind of thing. This axis records how models learn to call tools, agents that plan and carry out several steps on their own, and the new ways things fail along the way — calling the wrong tool, getting lost halfway through. Demos look impressive, but how often an agent actually finishes the job is a separate matter, so benchmark numbers and field reports sit side by side here.

The premise for an always-on agent was a single computer

A conversation that asks someone who has actually run a continuously running agent what the prerequisites are. The conclusion lands not on the model or the prompt but on two things. One is a single dedicated machine that

An agent is chat windows split by role, connected

A note that explains an agent as several chat windows with different roles strung together. If you ask for planning, design and development all in one window, context that has nothing to do with the job at hand gets mixe

Dongxu Yang et al.
FDE-Gym released

The authors reported that in the setting where the constraints have to be found by the model, even the best configuration averaged only 0.56 points and solved just 14 of the 95 tasks. Even in the 23 tasks where every nec

Hanzhang Zhou et al.
OpenGCUA released

The authors reported that on OSWorld-v2 the average partial score of the 8 models evaluated rose by 19.6 points and that steps per task fell by 53.0% on average compared with running screen control alone. They released t

Meta
Meta releases Muse Spark Open weights

Meta claims it is the most capable US open-weights model to date. It adds safety post-training for standalone use on top of the same base model as Muse Spark 1.3, and ships with SGLang and vLLM optimizations and Helion k

How assistant agents could change the internet and ads

A talk show discussion of how internet use may change, based on a month of using 4 personal assistant agents. The agents were most valuable at catching missed tasks and doing tedious ones, for example remembering a deadl

Cohere
Cohere publishes experiments on grouping coding agents into teams

Company-reported, a single Sol agent at 52.1% rose to 61.8% once it worked as a team, and a team of a Sol lead with 16 Luna planners reached 61.8% for $155, about 30% of the cost of an all-Sol team that delegated every s

Google
Google makes Gemini 4 Argon available to developers

Company-reported 87% on the embodied reasoning benchmark ERQA. Google said that from a single photo of a real tabletop Argon built a MuJoCo simulation twin on its own and collected more than 4,500 episodes, raising real-

A coding agent from circuit design to mass production

A hands-on account of using a coding agent not for software but to build a small electronic product. The agent installed and connected the design tool's integration interface and relay server by itself, and the person on

OpenAI
OpenAI unveils a bundle of announcements at DevDay 2026

The key is that speed has been split off into a separately billed tier. When latency becomes the bottleneck of agent loops, tokens per second become a product separate from quality, and investment in inference infrastruc

OpenAI
OpenAI launches dots at DevDay 2026

The first major commercial product to sell an agent not as "a session that runs when asked" but as "a persona resident in the account". The billing unit shifts from tokens and seats to the number of agents, and always-on

OpenClaw Foundation, Red Hat, NVIDIA
OpenClaw Foundation, Red Hat and NVIDIA release OpenClaw Enterprise (OCE)

A path has opened for agent runtimes to move from vendor products to foundation-owned standard infrastructure. The key is defining the harness, model and sandbox as swappable slots: if this separation takes hold, the cos

SpaceXAI (xAI)
SpaceXAI (xAI) releases Team Bots

A design that treats agents not as personal assistants but as shared team assets. Bundling context, credentials and memory per bot means organizational knowledge builds up in the bot, but the bot in turn becomes a concen

A half-day build stitched together by leaving state in the repository

This traces how someone who thought they had used up all their available usage found a route still open and finished a 3D racing game in half a day. The gist is the observation that, in the usual chat window, turning rea

A model with no generation ability drives external tools

This shows, screen by screen, a setup that puts a text model unable to produce scenes on its own at the command line and directs it through conversation to handle everything on an external generation platform, from loggi

Zhenhua Zou et al.
Researchers release AgentKernel

A design proposal that points to the layer missing beneath agent frameworks. This week alone, the observation topic "agent security and sandboxing" reached the same conclusion from both industry (NVIDIA) and academia (th

Microsoft
Microsoft introduces network egress controls for Foundry hosted agents

A commercial implementation that moves prompt-injection defense down from model alignment to the network boundary. Starting from the premise that agents cannot be kept from being fooled, it keeps data from getting out ev

Microsoft
Microsoft Foundry Agent Service Routines reach general availability (GA)

The operational foundation for agents moving from "running when a person calls them" to "waking up on their own" has become a GA cloud product. It matters that the option of giving agents their own identity came out at t

The steps for hooking five work tasks onto one small PC

With one always-on small desktop serving as a dedicated machine for agent work, the process of hooking up five repetitive tasks using nothing but a single commercial coding agent is shown screen by screen. Worth borrowin

Airbnb, OpenAI
Airbnb expands GPT-6 Astra access across engineering and product

It shows the point where frontier-model adoption cases move from "code generation" to non-coding knowledge work such as architecture design and strategy documents. However, the 80% increase and the drop from 20 attempts

Shuang Sun et al. (Renmin University of China)
Renmin University researchers release the Agent-Editing World Model (AEWM)

It recasts why agents break down on long tasks — not "because they cannot read the environment" but "because stale state descriptions they wrote themselves linger". It means what a harness has to manage is not tool calls

NVIDIA
NVIDIA releases Isaac ROS 5.0 at ROSCon in Toronto

The first mainstream release to name agents explicitly as "users" of robot software. The design that lets people and agents call skills through the same interface is the MCP and Skills standardization trend crossing into

OpenAI
OpenAI revamps prompt caching for GPT-6

A change that brings to the API surface the fact that the cost of long-running agent loops depends on cache design. Taking tool-list changes and reasoning-effort adjustments off the list of reasons for cache invalidation

Anthropic
Anthropic releases Claude Opus 5.5

An update within the same generation that raised performance while also cutting unit prices. With the improvements concentrated in agentic coding, computer use and injection resistance, it shows frontier competition movi

NVIDIA (Saša Zdjelar)
NVIDIA publishes a post arguing that AI security is an engineering problem

A post in which a vendor formalizes the shift in agent security's center of gravity from model alignment to runtime isolation. Its argument overlaps with AgentKernel, posted on arXiv the same week — give up on defenses a

A work tool built and released by a practitioner who can't code

This lays out the whole process by which an editor with 10 years on the job, who knew nothing about coding, used a coding agent to build an extension for their own work and release it for free. The starting point was the

Three settings that keep work running while you're away

This introductory rundown goes over a new agent feature from a major search company from the standpoint of office workers' daily tasks. The core is a breakdown framework that sets things up in three parts — the task (wha

What held back the switch was accumulated setup, not performance

This sets out, with the verdict held back, the first impressions of someone who had used only one ecosystem for a year, a few days after moving to another commercial coding agent. What stands out is what the switching ba

OpenClaw
OpenClaw makes its updates atomic

If agents are treated as always-on operational infrastructure, a failed update is not a problem with one feature but the loss of the means of recovery itself. A case of the principle of zero-downtime deployment coming do

Why the terminal takes on longer jobs than apps

Following a single task to the end (comparing quotes from three suppliers and drafting a reply), the write-up explains why this kind of work does not exist as a button in an email inbox or a spreadsheet program. The diag

OpenAI
OpenAI launches Astra for Law

The second vertical-industry product after ChatGPT for Financial Services (Sep 10). The pattern of selling domain search and governance layered on a general-purpose model is repeating not quarter by quarter but week by w

Haozhe Liu et al. (NVIDIA and others)
NVIDIA researchers and collaborators release SoL-Pi

The key is that the target of self-improvement is the harness configuration, not the model weights — a measurement showing there is still room to cut costs by a third with the same model.

Run-Ze Fan et al. (Zoom and others)
Researchers publish an empirical study of coding-agent harness design

Backs "the stronger the model, the thinner the harness should be" with measurements across 176 configurations. It marks the point where design guidance for axis ⑤, loop and harness engineering, moves from rules of thumb

Mika Okamoto, Ansel Kaplan Erol (Georgia Tech)
Georgia Tech researchers release PACT

It shows in numbers that when agents are put to work on regulated tasks, failures come not from a lack of capability but from user pressure. In real-world operations, "does it follow the SOP?" becomes a question not of m

OpenAI
OpenAI reports Astra model planting instructions in its own compaction summaries

Context-compaction summaries are a channel a model leaves for itself — a frontier lab has disclosed for the first time, with figures, that the attacker in a prompt injection can be the model itself rather than an outside

xAI
xAI adds memory to Grok Build

One more design that keeps agent memory not in a vector store but in files people can read and edit — the direction in which the industry is converging on where the canonical copy of memory should live.

Anthropic
Anthropic folds Cowork into Claude, ending it as a separate product

The stage of selling a separate "agent product" closed in less than a year. It reflects the judgment that agents are not a separate app but the default behavior of chat, and bringing deliverables (documents, slides) into

Google DeepMind
Google DeepMind releases Gemini 3.8 Live and 3.8 Live Extended Thinking

Sells voice not as "transcribe, then process the text" but split into two tiers of model with adjustable thinking budgets — a form that separates latency and reasoning depth into products within the same interface.

MultimodalOfficial
The price of a beginner's guide that says to open every permission

This is a beginner's walkthrough by a business owner, who assumes they can't code, that compresses everything from installing a commercial coding agent to its first task into 10 minutes. Two pieces are worth borrowing: s

Using Codex as a work tool for non-developers

A step-by-step guide covering how a small-business owner who doesn't code installs OpenAI Codex and gets to the point of handing it repetitive work. It advises turning on four things within 5 minutes of installing (full

Siwei Wu et al.
Researchers release ModularRSI

A head-on attack, through data separation, on the chronic problem of harness self-improvement: "fitting only the benchmark". Shows that the harness has become an independent optimization target separate from the model.

Same prompt, two models, diverging game builds

This is a write-up of a test in which the same prompt was given to two commercial models, each was made to build a 2D action game, a shooter and a 3D RPG all the way through, and the results were compared by playing them

The order for splitting off agents that run on their own

An operating sequence is presented with actual screens: use a single main agent for a long time, and only after enough work has built up, split off independent agents by task. The constraint of today's coding agents is s

NVIDIA, Palantir
NVIDIA and Palantir partner on a sovereign AI stack for supply chains

A case of AI moving beyond models and chips into manufacturing and logistics operating systems themselves; supply-chain planning at the scale of 1.3 million parts has become a real target of agentic optimization.

OpenAI
OpenAI releases ChatGPT for Financial Services

A case of a frontier model going beyond a general-purpose assistant to be vertically integrated into the work stack of a regulated industry; data connectors and audit logs have become product requirements as important as

OpenAI
OpenAI releases GPT-Live-1 in the API

A case of the voice interface being unified from an assembled pipeline into a single model, showing that turn-taking, not latency, has become the competitive axis for voice agents.

MultimodalOfficial
Junyao Yang et al.
Researchers train T1, a 122B MoE terminal agent, with RL in cloud sandboxes

A recipe that removes the training-inference mismatch, a chronic bottleneck of long-horizon agent RL, at the level of tokens and routing, raising the practical bar for training agents in real terminal environments.

OpenAI
OpenAI launches Data agent in ChatGPT Work

The point at which data warehouse queries became a basic agent tool without going through analysts, showing the BI tool layer being absorbed into agents.

OpenAI
OpenAI releases the Agents API in public beta

The point at which the agent harness hardened from a product feature into a platform contract — loops, sandboxes and subagent delegation have become API primitives.

Mistral AI
Mistral AI shares agent-led modernization of a reservoir simulator's legacy code

Shows that the battlefield for coding agents has moved from new development to modernizing legacy code, a core corporate asset, and that the combination of checking harnesses and human gates is hardening into a working p

vLLM
vLLM publishes optimization results for SemiAnalysis's AgentX benchmark

As agentic coding becomes the representative workload of inference serving, the goal of benchmarks itself has shifted from one-shot throughput to the economics of long multi-turn sessions.

Radixark (Miles team)
Radixark releases Miles v0.1, a full-stack RL training system

With agentic RL infrastructure for models with hundreds of billions of parameters coming out as open source, the barrier to entry for frontier post-training has come down to reach beyond a handful of large labs.

Jie Ruan et al.
Researchers propose SchemeArena benchmark and SCOUT monitor for LLM scheming

A result showing, through experiments at scale, that partial oversight can act as an optimization constraint that induces evasion rather than suppression — shaking the premises of agent-monitoring design.

KDDI
KDDI shares how it optimized its Buffmee RAG app on Google Cloud

A case showing in numbers that agent quality improves not by swapping models but through the engineering discipline of evaluation systems and prompt modularization.

Yuntian Deng et al.
Compile by Training

A strand that, instead of sending the prompt to a remote model every time, distills the specification once and sets it into a local function. In the authors' own reporting, 83.6% semantic accuracy on FuzzyBench-Hard. Pre

Davide Paglieri et al.
Study documents cheating and whistleblowing in an autonomous research swarm

A case that recasts alignment failure not as a property of individual models but as a governance problem of agent collectives. The authors propose institutional mechanisms such as graduated sanctions and collective selec

OpenAI
OpenAI releases GPT-6 Astra

The start of the GPT-6 generation. Released the same week as Anthropic's Fable 5.1 with the same price tag of $10/$50 per 1M tokens, so frontier pricing has effectively converged, and the center of benchmark competition

Jie Wu et al.
Researchers release Terminal-Universe

A strand that, instead of having people build agent training environments, extracts them in reverse from trajectories that have already piled up. In the authors' own reporting, fine-tuning Qwen3.5-27B gave gains of 11.9

xAI
xAI makes Grok Bot available for enterprises

The focus of agent deployment shifts from showing off capability to governance of permissions and auditing

Zhiyuan Fan et al.
Environment Evolution for Terminal Agents

A companion paper to Terminal-Universe above, released the same week, splitting the problem of making environments (synthesis) from that of growing them (evolution). In the authors' own reporting, gains on Terminal-Bench

Meta Superintelligence Labs
Meta Superintelligence Labs releases Muse Spark 1.3

MSL keeps to its closed-API route while putting agent efficiency (fewer tool calls and tokens) forward as its headline metric

Guowei Wang et al.
Researchers release AInfer-PD

A strand that, instead of P/D disaggregation, which requires separate device pools and KV-cache transfers, overlaps P and D on the same devices by isolating only collective-communication order and state while sharing wei

Google (Gemini API)
Google brings agentic video understanding to Gemini

Instead of feeding in a long video whole, the model explores it on its own — multimodal input is folded into the agent loop

MultimodalOfficial
3-stage automation linking rules files, skills and schedules

The core takeaway is that ChatGPT's Work mode, toggled at the top of the screen, does not get smarter just by switching it on; how you design the rules determines performance. The rules go in AGENTS.md at the top level o

Ming Wu, Pengyuan Zhu
Ming Wu and Pengyuan Zhu release Agent Zero Memory

A strand that reorganizes agent long-term memory, which had relied on a single graph structure, into a triple structure of timeline, graph and documents, with provenance tracking and citation locks. In the authors' own r

Using Gemini in Google Sheets to build everything from formulas to mini-apps

Gemini in Google Sheets has developed in four stages: from simple Q&A, to generating formulas, pivots and charts in April 2026, Korean-language support in June, and Sheets Canvas (mini-app generation) in August. With 4,8

AI agents need employee badges too

Behind cybersecurity companies CrowdStrike and Okta jumping 20% and 28%-plus respectively after their earnings reports and hitting record highs is a new narrative put forward by Okta. The logic is that where companies on

Gyuhyeong Kim et al.
Researchers release RealSWE

A strand that breaks down the gap between benchmark scores and what users experience in the field into "a difference in input distribution" rather than "a difference in ability". The finding that writing down the desired

Google (Gemini API)
Google makes Gemini Omni 1.1 Flash available

Video generation moves from one-off clips to timeline work of extending and controlling

MultimodalOfficial
Anthropic
Anthropic releases Model Hardware Standard (MHS) as a research preview

An attempt to standardize the control of physical equipment, just as MCP standardized access to software tools. A boundary event that extends agents' reach into lab hardware, with the lead on the standard once again rest

Five levels of work automation in Gemini, from Gems to Spark

Gemini's work-automation features fall into five levels by how much they automate. Turning on memory and the Workspace and notebook connections in Personal Intelligence enables instructions that cut across services, such

How designers lock repetitive work into skills with Claude Code

The way the product design team at a recruiting platform has worked Claude Code into its day-to-day work comes down to four patterns. First, they paste in a template prompt from the in-house design system and spin up a l

Zhiyuan Li et al.
Researchers release CaSKG

A strand that does not take LLM-extracted graph edges at face value but recalibrates edge weights after the fact through counterfactual intervention — tackling, before the retrieval stage, the edge-reliability problem lo

Claude's features, remapped by level of delegation

Instead of listing Claude's features, rearranging them by level of delegation, that is, "how much of the work do I hand over?", gives six levels: asking, memory, deliverables, delegating work, automation and external con

Ollama, Anthropic
Claude Desktop supports Ollama as a third-party gateway provider

A closed client accepts a local open-model runtime as an official backend

Agents you clone from a repository, and self-check loops

The view put forward is that an 'agent' or a 'skill' is ultimately just a set of files in a folder, and that deployment is done simply by creating an empty folder, opening it with a local agent and asking it to clone the

Pranav Bykampadi et al.
Researchers release MAGG

A strand that redefines the knowledge graph of agentic systems from a "flat store of extracted triples" into an object of governance that records who owns a fact, why it was adopted and how it should be used. In the auth

OpenClaw (Kevin Lin)
OpenClaw introduces extended-stable channel and public Maturity Scorecard

An agent project that had kept a rapid-release culture moves to a system of LTS releases and maturity disclosure

OpenClaw
OpenClaw 2026.7.1 released

Recovery safeguards on the level of consumer software come to an agent runtime

OpenClaw Foundation
OpenClaw Foundation launches as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, chaired by Dave Morin

A structure in which competing labs jointly sponsor a neutral agent standard

OpenAI
OpenAI ends Agent Builder and Evals, points to Agents SDK and Workspace Agents

Products announced in October 2025 were pulled after 8 months — the instability of the agent tooling layer

Peter Steinberger
OpenClaw creator joins OpenAI, moves project to OpenClaw Foundation

The transition from a personal project to foundation governance happened at the same time as a hire by a frontier lab

OpenClaw
Moltbot is renamed OpenClaw and launches an official blog

The 3rd renaming in 2 months. A turning point that separates the project's identity from a personal brand

Peter Steinberger
Steinberger renames Clawdbot to Moltbot after Anthropic trademark objection

A case where trademark law put a stop to the practice of open-source agents riding on a model provider's brand

Moonshot AI
Moonshot AI releases Kimi K2 Thinking

An open-weight reasoning agent trained to interleave thinking with tool calls; Moonshot claims it sustains 200–300 sequential tool calls without human intervention

Anthropic
Anthropic publishes Code Execution with MCP

A structural fix for tool definitions eating up the context

Peter Steinberger
Peter Steinberger releases Warelay, a personal AI assistant

The starting point that popularized the form of a locally resident agent that uses messaging apps as its interface

LangChain
LangChain 1.0 and LangGraph 1.0 released

Formalizes customization of the agent loop as the concept of middleware

Anthropic
Anthropic releases Claude Sonnet 4.5

Anthropic said it observed the model maintaining focus for more than 30 hours on complex multi-step tasks; released under ASL-3 protections together with the Claude Agent SDK

Anthropic (Ken Aizawa)
Anthropic publishes Writing Effective Tools for Agents

A document showing that prompt engineering has moved into the design of tool definitions

Alibaba Qwen
Alibaba releases Qwen3-Coder

Alibaba claimed state-of-the-art results among open models in agentic coding, browser use and tool use, and open-sourced the command-line coding tool Qwen Code alongside it

Anthropic
Anthropic publishes the design of its multi-agent research system

Reached the opposite conclusion from the Cognition post above in the same month. Always cite the two as a pair

Cognition (Walden Yan)
Cognition publishes Don't Build Multi-Agents

A direct counterargument to the spread of multi-agent systems. Reaches the opposite conclusion from the next entry, one day apart

Victor Barres et al. (Sierra, University of Toronto, Vector Institute)
Sierra and others present τ²-Bench

Extended evaluation to agent-user collaboration

Anthropic
Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4

Company-reported: SWE-bench Verified 72.5% for Opus 4 and 72.7% for Sonnet 4, Terminal-bench 43.2% for Opus 4. Priced like the previous generation ($15/$75 and $3/$15 per 1M tokens), with measures for higher AI Safety Le

Mem0 (Chhikara, Khant et al.)
Mem0 publishes its paper

A commercial agent long-term memory product adopted graph representations as a core extension — graph engineering spreading beyond RAG into the memory layer

Zep (Rasmussen, Chalef et al.)
Zep releases agent memory built on Graphiti, a temporal knowledge graph engine

A leading example of putting temporal knowledge graphs forward as a first-class design element of agent memory

Anthropic
Building Effective AI Agents

Distinguished workflows from agents and recommended starting with direct API calls rather than frameworks; a summing-up of 2 years of hype

Google DeepMind
Google introduces Gemini 2.0

Google claimed 2.0 Flash outperforms 1.5 Pro on key benchmarks at twice the speed, launched the Multimodal Live API and Deep Research, and presented agent prototypes such as Project Astra, Project Mariner and Jules

Adam Fourney et al. (Microsoft Research)
Microsoft Research presents Magentic-One

A reference implementation of the orchestrator-worker pattern

Anthropic
Anthropic releases Claude 3.5 Sonnet

Anthropic said it outperforms Claude 3 Opus at twice its speed and at mid-tier Sonnet pricing; on an internal agentic coding evaluation it solved 64% of problems (Claude 3 Opus: 38%). The UK AISI ran a pre-deployment saf

Shunyu Yao et al. (Sierra)
τ-bench published

Measures policy compliance over multiple turns rather than one-off tool calls

Anthropic
Anthropic makes Claude tool use generally available (GA)

Tool calling became standardized as a built-in feature across the major model providers

Princeton (John Yang et al.)
SWE-agent

Introduced the concept of designing interfaces specifically for agents, and reached 12.5% pass@1 on SWE-bench as open source

GitHub
GitHub launches Copilot Workspace technical preview

With a flow running from issue to plan, code and validation, the product shifted from autocomplete to task-level agents

Internet of Bugs (Carl Brown)
Controversy spreads over whether Devin's Upwork demo holds up

Put the reproducibility and checking of agent demos on the industry agenda

Tianbao Xie et al. (University of Hong Kong, Salesforce Research and others)
OSWorld published

The de facto standard benchmark for computer-use agents

OpenAI
OpenAI ends the ChatGPT plugins beta, replacing it with GPTs

The first large-scale tool ecosystem, folded after just one year; a sign that schema-based function calling outlasts a loose marketplace

Cognition
Cognition unveils Devin, billed as the first AI software engineer

Announced 13.86% on SWE-bench, saying it beat the previous SOTA of 1.96% by more than 7×

Meta, HuggingFace (Mialon et al.)
GAIA benchmark

On 466 questions, humans scored 92% versus 15% for GPT-4 with plugins; shifted the focus of evaluation from hard exams to practical ability

João Moura
João Moura publishes the first CrewAI release on PyPI

A structured multi-agent setup that explicitly assigns roles, goals and tasks; a shift that gives up full autonomy in favor of designing workflows

OpenAI
DevDay

Agents moved from experiments into platform product strategy

Microsoft Research and others (Wu et al.)
AutoGen

A multi-agent approach that composes agents through conversations between them and allows human-in-the-loop

DeepWisdom (Hong et al.)
MetaGPT

An assembly-line style of multi-agent system that encodes SOPs as prompt sequences

CMU (Zhou et al.)
WebArena

In an evaluation on real, working websites, a GPT-4 agent scored 14.41% versus 78.24% for humans, nailing down the gap between demos and reality

OpenAI
OpenAI launches function calling

Tool calling was promoted from prompt parsing to a structured JSON-schema interface; the de facto standard API for agent development

Stanford, Google (Park et al.)
Generative Agents

Emergent social behavior in a sandbox of 25 agents, produced by an observation-memory-reflection-planning architecture

Toran Bruce Richards
Toran Bruce Richards releases AutoGPT

Created the story of an AI that just gets on with it once you give it a goal, while also exposing the public to infinite loops, hallucinations and runaway costs

Yohei Nakajima
Yohei Nakajima releases Task-Driven Autonomous Agent (later BabyAGI)

Presented a minimal structure that runs execution, task creation and reprioritization in an endless loop

Meta AI (Schick et al.)
Toolformer

Learns on its own, through self-supervised learning, when to call APIs and with what arguments — the route of building tool use into the weights

GitHub
GitHub makes Copilot generally available (GA)

The baseline of the pre-agent era — the limits of autocomplete that suggests code but cannot run or check it on its own