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The AI History Map

The record's 22 axes are 22 lines. The 305 stations are records chosen from the record, and each one links to its record. Records that sit on more than one axis are transfer stations.

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The AI History Map

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The AI History Map: 22 lines, 305 stationsTime runs left to right (1943–2026); each line is one axis. Every station links to its record.
Point at or tap a station to see its record. Named stations are the line's major stops.The scale isn't even. From 2013, where the records crowd in, a year is drawn wide; 1943–2012 is squeezed (shaded). 97% of the records are from 2013 on.

Lines

Tap a line to bring it forward. You can pick more than one.

A3 poster

One landscape A3 sheet for a classroom wall (records as of Oct 17, 2026). It's CC BY-NC 4.0: use it in class freely, with credit.

A3 poster PDF 464 KBImage (PNG) 196 KB

How to read it

  • Station — one record
  • Major station — a named record
  • Transfer — a record on more than one axis
  • Line name — where a line starts and ends

Stations as a list

The same stations as the map, line by line. Handy with a screen reader or a keyboard.

Show all 305 stations on 22 lines

⓪ Prehistory — From Neural Networks to the Transformer14 stations · 1943–2017

  1. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity
  2. Computing Machinery and Intelligence
  3. The Perceptron
  4. Minsky and Papert publish Perceptrons
  5. Werbos's Harvard PhD thesis describes backpropagation for multilayer networks
  6. Learning representations by back-propagating errors
  7. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition
  8. A Neural Probabilistic Language Model
  9. ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database
  10. SuperVision wins ILSVRC 2012 with a 15.3% top-5 error rate
  11. DeepMind publishes Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning on arXiv
  12. Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate
  13. Google publishes Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network on arXiv
  14. Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Learning (ConvS2S) released on arXiv

① Prompt Engineering14 stations · 2017–2026

  1. Google releases the Transformer paper Attention Is All You Need
  2. OpenAI announces GPT-2 (1.5B), withholds full model over misuse concerns
  3. Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models
  4. OpenAI publishes the GPT-3 (175B) paper Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
  5. FLAN
  6. OpenAI announces InstructGPT and makes it the API's default model
  7. Kojima et al. present Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners
  8. Yao et al. present ReAct
  9. OpenAI releases ChatGPT as a research preview
  10. Anthropic's Prompt Engineer and Librarian job reported at $175,000–$335,000
  11. Anthropic releases Claude Instant 1.2
  12. OpenAI releases GPT-4.1 with a separate prompting guide
  13. Chain-of-Thought Hijacking published
  14. Anthropic revises its Prompt engineering best practices guide

② RAG, Fine-Tuning & Context14 stations · 2020–2026

  1. Khattab et al. present ColBERT
  2. LoRA
  3. Santhanam et al. present ColBERTv2
  4. Hugging Face ships PEFT v0.1.0, the library's first official release
  5. OpenAI releases ChatGPT plugins and open-sources the retrieval plugin
  6. Anthropic expands Claude's context window from 9K to 100K
  7. Lost in the Middle published
  8. OpenAI announces GPT-4 Turbo 128K and Assistants API Retrieval
  9. Gemini 1.5 Pro
  10. Anthropic launches prompt caching in public beta
  11. Modarressi et al. present NoLiMa
  12. Context editing and memory tool launch in beta on the Claude API
  13. Martin and Roger publish Classifier Context Rot
  14. KDDI shares how it optimized its Buffmee RAG app on Google Cloud

③ Tools & Agents14 stations · 2022–2026

  1. GitHub makes Copilot generally available (GA)
  2. Toolformer
  3. Toran Bruce Richards releases AutoGPT
  4. OpenAI launches function calling
  5. WebArena
  6. GAIA benchmark
  7. Anthropic makes Claude tool use generally available (GA)
  8. Building Effective AI Agents
  9. Sierra and others present τ²-Bench
  10. Anthropic publishes Writing Effective Tools for Agents
  11. Anthropic publishes Code Execution with MCP
  12. Meta Superintelligence Labs releases Muse Spark 1.3
  13. Renmin University researchers release the Agent-Editing World Model (AEWM)
  14. OpenGCUA released

④ MCP & Skills Standardization14 stations · 2024–2026

  1. Anthropic releases Claude 3.5 Sonnet computer use in public beta
  2. Anthropic announces MCP (spec version 2024-11-05)
  3. OpenAI releases Operator and the CUA model
  4. OpenAI adopts MCP (Agents SDK)
  5. Build 2025: Windows 11 gets native MCP; Microsoft joins MCP steering committee
  6. MCP spec 2025-06-18
  7. OpenAI launches ChatGPT agent (merging Operator and deep research)
  8. Gemini 2.5 Computer Use
  9. Anthropic, Block and OpenAI donate MCP to the Linux Foundation's AAIF
  10. Claude fully supports MCP Apps as an official extension
  11. MCP Dev Summit North America 2026 (New York, 1,200 attendees)
  12. NVIDIA and OpenClaw integrate Skill Card and SkillSpector into ClawScan
  13. Anthropic releases Model Hardware Standard (MHS) as a research preview
  14. Tencent AIG joins ClawScan

⑤ Loop & Harness Engineering14 stations · 2024–2026

  1. The phrase "agent harness" appears in the body of a paper
  2. Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Tasks
  3. The term context engineering becomes established
  4. Effective context engineering for AI agents
  5. Effective harnesses for long-running agents
  6. The importance of Agent Harness in 2026
  7. Harness engineering
  8. Harness design for long-running application development
  9. Stop Comparing LLM Agents Without Disclosing the Harness
  10. Loop Engineering
  11. Andrew Ng describes a 3-layer loop
  12. AIE World's Fair 2026 trends
  13. Codex as a platform
  14. Cohere publishes experiments on grouping coding agents into teams

⑥ Reasoning Models & the AGI Debate14 stations · 2023–2026

  1. Elon Musk publicly announces the founding of xAI
  2. xAI unveils Grok
  3. Anthropic announces the Claude 3 family (Haiku, Sonnet, Opus)
  4. Anthropic releases Claude 3.5 Sonnet
  5. o1-preview / o1-mini
  6. Google introduces Gemini 2.0
  7. DeepSeek-R1
  8. OpenAI releases GPT-4.5 as a research preview
  9. Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4
  10. Anthropic releases Claude Sonnet 4.5
  11. Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4.5
  12. Anthropic releases Claude Sonnet 4.6
  13. Anthropic releases Claude Fable 5.1 and Claude Mythos 5.1
  14. OpenAI brings GPT-6 and Intelligent UI to ChatGPT chat

⑦ Multimodal14 stations · 2021–2026

  1. OpenAI releases CLIP
  2. The Latent Diffusion Model paper
  3. OpenAI open-sources Whisper
  4. OpenAI publishes GPT-4V(ision) System Card
  5. Gemini 1.0
  6. OpenAI announces Sora with a technical report
  7. GPT-4o
  8. Google DeepMind introduces Gemini Robotics / Robotics-ER
  9. DeepSeek-OCR
  10. Moonshot AI releases Kimi K2.5
  11. Claude Opus 4.7
  12. EU AI Act Article 50 transparency obligations begin to apply
  13. Google DeepMind releases Gemini 3.8 Live and 3.8 Live Extended Thinking
  14. MJev-Spatial released

⑧ Inference Infrastructure & Serving14 stations · 2022–2026

  1. Orca
  2. Speculative Decoding
  3. UC Berkeley releases vLLM + PagedAttention
  4. NVIDIA releases TensorRT-LLM
  5. Sarathi-Serve
  6. Mooncake
  7. xAI brings Colossus online in Memphis
  8. vLLM releases its V1 engine in alpha
  9. Gemma 3 QAT int4
  10. DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp
  11. Hugging Face archives the text-generation-inference repository
  12. NVIDIA's Vera Rubin NVL72 enters volume production
  13. DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash
  14. IBM releases Granite Switch 4.1

⑨ Open-Weight Lineage14 stations · 2021–2026

  1. Naver unveils HyperCLOVA
  2. Meta AI releases LLaMA 1 (7B/13B/33B/65B) for vetted non-commercial research
  3. Meta releases Llama 2 — commercial use allowed, but under a Community License
  4. Mistral 7B
  5. Mistral AI launches Mistral Large
  6. LG AI Research releases EXAONE 3.0
  7. Meta releases Llama 3.2 with vision and on-device models
  8. LG AI Research releases EXAONE Deep
  9. Alibaba releases Qwen3-Coder
  10. DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-V3.1 with hybrid thinking
  11. Moonshot AI releases Kimi K2 Thinking
  12. DeepSeek releases DeepSeek-V3.2 and V3.2-Speciale
  13. Gemma 4
  14. Reflection launches Beam, an open-weight model

⑩ Safety, Alignment & Interpretability14 stations · 2016–2026

  1. Google presents FedAvg / federated learning
  2. Toy Models of Superposition
  3. DPO
  4. Weak-to-strong generalization
  5. Google DeepMind publishes SynthID-Text in Nature
  6. Alignment Faking in LLMs
  7. Constitutional Classifiers
  8. Petri
  9. Anthropic reports prompt injection defense results (Claude for Chrome)
  10. Claude Opus 4.6 system card
  11. Anthropic discloses Claude reaching 3 real organizations during cyber evaluations
  12. Detecting and countering misuse of AI: September 2026
  13. Towards safety cases for frontier AI training
  14. Anthropic gives an independent evaluator team at METR employee-like access

⑪ Model Architecture & Training Methods14 stations · 2017–2026

  1. Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer
  2. OpenAI publishes the original GPT (GPT-1) paper
  3. Google posts the BERT paper on arXiv
  4. Chinchilla
  5. SolidGoldMagikarp
  6. DeepSeek-V2
  7. Byte Latent Transformer
  8. xAI releases Grok 4 Fast
  9. Kimi Linear
  10. Google Research introduces Titans and MIRAS, the framework that generalizes it
  11. Mistral AI releases Mistral Small 4
  12. DiffusionGemma
  13. On the Design of Qwen3.8-Next Architecture
  14. HC-DLM (Hierarchical Continuous Diffusion Language Models)

⑫ Training Data & Post-Training14 stations · 2019–2026

  1. Google releases the T5 paper and C4
  2. The Pile
  3. Google unveils LaMDA
  4. Self-Instruct
  5. Textbooks Are All You Need
  6. DeepSeek introduces GRPO (DeepSeekMath)
  7. Will we run out of data?
  8. Can AI scaling continue through 2030?
  9. Tülu 3
  10. US Copyright Office releases pre-publication Copyright and AI Part 3
  11. Psyche shifts from proof to performance
  12. Anthropic accuses Chinese labs of distillation attacks
  13. NVIDIA researchers and collaborators release SoL-Pi
  14. NVIDIA previews a 2.8 trillion token corpus for 22 Indian languages

⑬ Compute Economics & Geopolitics14 stations · 2022–2026

  1. US BIS imposes first round of advanced computing export controls
  2. BIS issues second round of export controls
  3. xAI closes $6 billion Series B
  4. BIS creates DC VEU (Data Center Validated End User)
  5. OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle and MGX announce Stargate
  6. US rescinds the AI Diffusion Rule and issues guidance on Chinese 3A090 ICs
  7. H20 sales to China resume, with licenses assured
  8. xAI lays off 500 on data annotation team (about a third of 1,500)
  9. Anthropic announces $50 billion in US data centers (partner: Fluidstack)
  10. xAI raises $20 billion Series E
  11. IEA: data center power use up 17% in 2025; AI-specific demand to triple by 2030
  12. OpenAI shares the state of ChatGPT Ads
  13. NVIDIA launches the DSX Ready certification program
  14. Cohere announces plans to acquire security company AISLE

⑭ Physical World & Real-World Impact14 stations · 2023–2026

  1. RT-2
  2. Open X-Embodiment / RT-X
  3. AlphaFold 3
  4. π0 — flow matching, up to 50 Hz, 8 robot types
  5. NVIDIA releases Cosmos world foundation models
  6. Masked autoencoder self-pretraining applied to microelectronics defect detection
  7. METR's developer productivity RCT
  8. Gemini Robotics 1.5 and ER 1.5
  9. Replayable Financial Agents
  10. AI Index 2026
  11. Google DeepMind announces Gemini Robotics 2 / ER 2
  12. Anthropic shares outside research and aggregate data through Anthropic Insights
  13. Claude agents find ART, an undescribed enzyme system, in bacteriophages
  14. OpenAI releases a Brazilian Portuguese course for teachers

⑮ Regulation, Law & Governance14 stations · 2019–2026

  1. EU adopts the DSM Copyright Directive (EU) 2019/790
  2. European Commission publishes AI Act proposal COM(2021) 206
  3. China promulgates deep synthesis provisions for internet services (Order No. 12)
  4. China promulgates interim measures on generative AI services (Order No. 15)
  5. Bletchley Declaration adopted (AI Safety Summit)
  6. AI Act adopted in final plenary vote (523 for, 46 against, 49 abstentions)
  7. Seoul Declaration adopted (AI Seoul Summit)
  8. AI Act enters into force
  9. AI Act Chapters 1 and 2 (prohibited practices, AI literacy) begin to apply
  10. China issues measures for labelling AI-generated and synthetic content
  11. Korea's AI Basic Act and its Enforcement Decree take effect
  12. California passes SB 1119 (Adam's Law) on companion chatbot child safety
  13. Anthropic proposes 3 metrics to make frontier labs' AI development pace visible
  14. Anthropic opens a Singapore office and signs an MOU with the government

⑯ Evaluation & Benchmarks14 stations · 2018–2026

  1. Wang et al. release the GLUE benchmark
  2. Wang et al. release SuperGLUE
  3. Chollet publishes On the Measure of Intelligence, proposing the ARC benchmark
  4. Hendrycks et al. release MMLU (57 tasks)
  5. Stanford CRFM releases HELM
  6. GSM1k released
  7. TechCrunch reports criticism of Epoch AI for not disclosing OpenAI funding
  8. OpenAI releases GDPval
  9. METR releases Time Horizon 1.1
  10. Why SWE-bench Verified no longer measures frontier coding capabilities
  11. ARC Prize releases ARC-AGI-3
  12. Google DeepMind and partners pilot double-blind evaluation of frontier models
  13. Verifiable Social Reasoning
  14. FDE-Gym released

⑰ Embeddings & Vector Search14 stations · 2011–2026

  1. Jégou et al. publish Product Quantization for Nearest Neighbor Search
  2. Mikolov et al. at Google present word2vec
  3. FAIR presents FAISS
  4. Reimers and Gurevych present Sentence-BERT
  5. Karpukhin et al. present Dense Passage Retrieval
  6. Hugging Face and Cohere release MTEB
  7. Pinecone serverless announced
  8. Voyage AI releases voyage-3
  9. Cohere releases Embed v4
  10. Amazon makes Nova Multimodal Embeddings generally available on Bedrock
  11. Google makes Gemini Embedding 2 generally available (GA)
  12. Elastic publishes vector search benchmarks
  13. Voyage AI releases voyage-context-4
  14. Google DeepMind releases EmbeddingGemma 2

⑱ AI Infrastructure Software14 stations · 2007–2026

  1. NVIDIA releases the first CUDA SDK
  2. NVIDIA introduces cuDNN
  3. NVIDIA releases NCCL
  4. Google releases XLA
  5. NVIDIA releases a preview of CUTLASS
  6. NVIDIA presents Megatron-LM
  7. Microsoft and UC Merced present ZeRO-Offload
  8. NVIDIA unveils the Hopper H100
  9. FlashAttention-2 published
  10. The Llama 3 Herd of Models published
  11. AMD makes its first MLPerf Training submission
  12. vLLM project announces vLLM-Omni
  13. AMD announces MLPerf Training v6.0 results
  14. Scaling Storage for 1 Billion ChatGPT Users (Part I)

⑲ On-Device & Local Inference14 stations · 2022–2026

  1. Dettmers et al. present LLM.int8()
  2. Frantar et al. present GPTQ
  3. Georgi Gerganov starts developing llama.cpp
  4. Microsoft Research publishes Phi-3 technical report
  5. Apple unveils the Apple Intelligence on-device foundation model
  6. Google officially releases Gemma 3n
  7. Ollama previews cloud models
  8. Apple publishes M5 GPU Neural Accelerator + MLX benchmarks
  9. Uygar Kurt publishes a unified evaluation of llama.cpp quantization
  10. Google releases Gemma 4 as an AICore developer preview
  11. Chrome 148 stable opens the Prompt API to the web
  12. Apple expands the Foundation Models framework at WWDC 2026
  13. Hugging Face releases @huggingface/kernels
  14. NVIDIA launches RTX Spark laptops

⑳ People & Discourse14 stations · 2017–2026

  1. Karpathy publishes Software 2.0 on Medium
  2. Marcus writes Deep Learning Is Hitting a Wall for Nautilus
  3. Willison coins the term prompt injection
  4. Ilya Sutskever gives the NeurIPS 2024 Test of Time talk
  5. Andrej Karpathy coins "vibe coding" on X
  6. Simon Willison names the lethal trifecta
  7. In the same interview, Karpathy says nanochat was not built by vibe coding
  8. Yann LeCun confirms he has left Meta to found AMI Labs
  9. The Adolescence of Technology
  10. Yoshua Bengio chairs the second International AI Safety Report
  11. Simon Willison writes vibe coding and agentic engineering are getting closer
  12. Dario Amodei posts Policy on the AI Exponential
  13. Simon Willison blogs on OpenAI's accidental cyberattack against Hugging Face
  14. OpenAI launches an advisory group on mathematics and AI

㉑ Graph Engineering11 stations · 2024–2026

  1. Microsoft Research publishes GraphRAG blog post
  2. GraphRAG paper published
  3. GraphRAG open-sourced on GitHub with an Azure solution accelerator
  4. Ant Group releases KAG (Knowledge Augmented Generation)
  5. Microsoft Research releases LazyGraphRAG
  6. Mem0 publishes its paper
  7. Xiang, Wu et al. publish When to use Graphs in RAG and release GraphRAG-Bench
  8. Fan et al. publish Do We Still Need GraphRAG?
  9. Is GraphRAG Needed? published
  10. Researchers release MAGG
  11. Ming Wu and Pengyuan Zhu release Agent Zero Memory