Model Architecture & Training MethodsGoogle (Behrouz et al.)Google

Nested Learning / HOPE

Nested Learning / HOPE

Why it matters

Recasts the optimizer as an associative memory module and proposes a sequence model that learns a self-update algorithm

Source — Primary sources first; secondary reports are labelled “Press”

Paperarxiv.orghttps://arxiv.org/abs/2512.24695

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